들어가며
1월 2일 첫 회사에 입사하고 저는 처음 접하는 스택들에 둘러쌓이게 되었습니다.
그렇게 처음 접하게 된 개념 중 하나가 바로 멀티 모듈이었습니다.
사실 MSA에 대해서 학습할 때 키워드로만 접해봤습니다만, 본격적으로 이를 학습하고 구축해보는 것은 처음이었는데요.
이 과정에서 알게된 것들과 겪었던 오류 사례들을 정리해보는 것이 이 글의 목적입니다.
멀티모듈이 무엇인가?
모놀리식 Monolithic, 마이크로 서비스 MicroService Archtecture 그리고 멀티모듈..?
처음 개념을 접하며 가장 먼저 들었던 질문은 "MSA와 멀티모듈이 무슨 차이점이 있고 왜 같이 많이 언급되는가?" 하는 것이었는데요. 그래서 먼저 이 질문에 대한 답변을 짚고 넘어가려고합니다.
결론적으로 모놀리식과 마이크로서비스 개념은 반대 개념이지만, 멀티모듈은 다른 계층의 개념으로 하나의 프로젝트 내부의 설계 방식입니다.
어플리케이션 아키텍처에 대한 개념이 없을 때 우리가 보통 구축하게 되는 어플리케이션의 모양은 모놀리식 Monolithic 아키텍처입니다.
... the communication in Monolithic applications are inter-process communication. So that means it is working on single process that invoke one to another by using method calls. You just create class and call the method inside of target module. All running the same process.
모놀리식 애플리케이션의 통신은 프로세스 내부의 통신입니다. 즉, 메서드 호출을 사용하여 다른 프로세스를 호출하는 단일 프로세스에서 작동한다는 의미입니다. 클래스를 생성하고 대상 모듈 내부에서 메서드를 호출하기만 하면 됩니다. 모두 동일한 프로세스를 실행합니다.
- Monolithic Architecture Is Still Worth at 2021?
소프트웨어의 모든 구성요소가 한 프로젝트에 통합되어 있어 빠르게 구축하기 좋고, 디버깅과 배포에도 편리합니다. 소규모 어플리케이션을 구축할 때 여전히 유효한 설계입니다. 특히 트래픽이 그지 크지 않고 앞으로도 크지 않다면 네트워크 리소스를 상대적으로 덜 사용하는 모놀리식을 선택하는 것이 최선일 수 있습니다.
다만 단점으로는 시간이 지나고 서비스 규모가 점차 커지면 코드를 관리하기 어려워집니다. 새로운 기술을 활용하고 기능을 구현하거나 개선할 때 고려해야하는 것이 많다는 단점이 있습니다.
[ 아래 : 모놀리식 아키텍처의 발전과정 ]
앞서 언급한 모놀리식 아키텍처의 단점으로 인해 좀 더 확장가능성 있고, 유연하게 리팩터링을 할 수 있는 개발 아키텍처로 많이 선택되는 것이 마이크로 서비스 아키텍처 MSA입니다.
각 서비스를 모듈화하여 커다란 소프트웨어 기능을 작게 쪼개어 제공하는 방식인데요. 이들이 각자 개별적인 작업을 담당하며 독립적으로 움직이고, API를 통해 다른 서비스와 통신합니다.
각 기능의 코드가 물리적으로 많지 않기 때문에 다른 개발자가 읽기에 어렵지 않고, 단일 모듈의 장애가 전체 어플리케이션에는 크게 영향을 받지 않는 장점이 있습니다. 특 각 모듈별로 새로운 기술을 적용하고 리팩터링하는 데에 유연합니다. 필요에 의해 일부 모듈에 리소스를 더 할당할 수 있기도 하고요.
다만 구축이 상대적으로 복잡하여 테스트,디버깅이나 트랜잭션 관리가 어렵습니다. 그리고 네트워크 비용이 발생하는 등의 단점이 있습니다.
왜 멀티모듈과 MSA는 같이 언급되는 것일까?
이부분을 학습할 때는 우아한테크세미나 [우아한 멀티모듈] 을 많이 참고했습니다.
(작성중....)
겪었던 에러 상황들과 고민했던 것들
처음 멀티모듈을 구성할 때 튜토리얼은 Gradle 공식문서와 멀티 모듈 적용하기 with Gradle, SpringBoot + Kotlin 멀티 모듈 구성 - 단일모듈에서 멀티모듈로 변경해보기 를 많이 참고했습니다.
그리고 구축과정, 테스트와 run해보며 겪었던 오류에 대해 시간순서대로 정리하였습니다.
개발 환경
Springboot, Gradle, Kotlin
파일 구조를 잘 못 설정했을 때 `Execution failed for task ':bootRun'.`
- 에러코드
처음 모듈을 세팅하고 하위 서브 모듈을 설정했을 때 발생한 예외코드입니다.
Execution failed for task ':bootRun'.
> Failed to calculate the value of task ':bootRun' property 'mainClass'.
> Main class name has not been configured and it could not be resolved
* Try:
> Run with --stacktrace option to get the stack trace.
> Run with --info or --debug option to get more log output.
> Run with --scan to get full insights.
> Get more help at https://help.gradle.org.
Deprecated Gradle features were used in this build, making it incompatible with Gradle 9.0.
You can use '--warning-mode all' to show the individual deprecation warnings and determine if they come from your own scripts or plugins.
For more on this, please refer to https://docs.gradle.org/8.4/userguide/command_line_interface.html#sec:command_line_warnings in the Gradle documentation.
BUILD FAILED in 1s
3 actionable tasks: 2 executed, 1 up-to-date
- 원인
프로젝트 파일 구성에서 root module에 src가 남아있기 때문이었습니다.
├── buildSrc
│ ...
├── api
│ ├── src
│ │ └──...
│ └── build.gradle
├── services
│ └── person-service
│ ├── src
│ │ └──...
│ └── build.gradle
├── shared
│ ├── src
│ │ └──...
│ └── build.gradle
├── src # 이부분이 있어서....
└── settings.gradle- 해결
root module에 있는 src 파일을 삭제해 주었습니다.
`build.gradle`dependency configuration 시 `api`, `implementation`의 차이점은 무엇일까?
// build.gadle.kts
dependencies {
implementation("org.hibernate:hibernate-core:3.6.7.Final")
}
공식 문서에 따르면 이런 차이점이 있습니다.
- `implementation`
- 프로젝트에 의해 노출된 API의 일부가 아닌 프로젝트 프로덕션 소스를 컴파일하는데 필요한 종속성
- `api`
- 프로젝트에 의해 노출된 API의 일부인 프로젝트의 프로덕션 소스를 컴파일 하는 데 필요한 종속성
- `testImplementation`
- 프로젝트의 테스트 소스를 컴파일하고 실행하는 데 필요한 종속성
가장 큰 차이점은 `api`의 경우 의존성 받는 모듈의 하위 의존성까지 참조할 수 있게 됩니다.
단 이 경우 의존성의 전파로 상위 모듈 오염이 발생할 수 있는 가능성이 늘어나므로 가급적 지양하는 것이 좋습니다. (물론 정답이라기 보다 한 관점임) [참고 링크]
`org.junit.platform.commons.JUnitException` 발생시
Spock api test를 작성하고 실행시켰을 때 다음과 같은 에러가 발생하였습니다.
- 에러코드
/Users/berapt/Library/Java/JavaVirtualMachines/azul-17.0.9/Contents/Home/bin/java -ea -Didea.test.cyclic.buffer.size=1048576 -javaagent:/Applications/IntelliJ IDEA.app/Contents/lib/idea_rt.jar=65269:/Applications/IntelliJ IDEA.app/Contents/bin -Dfile.encoding=UTF-8 -classpath /Applications/IntelliJ IDEA.app/Contents/lib/idea_rt.jar:/Applications/IntelliJ IDEA.app/Contents/plugins/junit/lib/junit5-rt.jar:/Applications/IntelliJ IDEA.app/Contents/plugins/junit/lib/junit-rt.jar:/Users/berapt/Documents/GitHub/backend-ojt/app/out/test/classes:/Users/berapt/Documents/GitHub/backend-ojt/app/out/test/resources:/Users/berapt/Documents/GitHub/backend-ojt/app/out/production/classes:/Users/berapt/Documents/GitHub/backend-ojt/app/out/production/resources:/Users/berapt/.gradle/caches/modules-2/files-2.1/org.jetbrains.kotlin/kotlin-reflect/1.9.20/34eeb4eed5f493cdbb760ef50a5653ec414006bf/kotlin-reflect-1.9.20.jar:/Users/berapt/Documents/GitHub/backend-ojt/domain/command/out/production/classes:/Users/berapt/Documents/GitHub/backend-ojt/domain/command/out/production/resources:/Users/berapt/Documents/GitHub/backend-ojt/domain/query/out/production/classes:/Users/berapt/Documents/GitHub/backend-ojt/domain/query/out/production/resources:/Users/berapt/Documents/GitHub/backend-ojt/domain/common/out/production/classes:/Users/berapt/Documents/GitHub/backend-ojt/infrastructure/out/production/classes:/Users/berapt/Documents/GitHub/backend-ojt/infrastructure/out/production/resources:/Users/berapt/.gradle/caches/modules-2/files-2.1/org.jetbrains.kotlin/kotlin-stdlib/1.9.20/e58b4816ac517e9cc5df1db051120c63d4cde669/kotlin-stdlib-1.9.20.jar:/Users/berapt/.gradle/caches/modules-2/files-2.1/jakarta.inject/jakarta.inject-api/2.0.1/4c28afe1991a941d7702fe1362c365f0a8641d1e/jakarta.inject-api-2.0.1.jar:/Users/berapt/.gradle/caches/modules-2/files-2.1/org.springframework.boot/spring-boot-starter-webflux/2.6.8/746f6f3e5df1aa38846b5283e721734b6132089b/spring-boot-starter-webflux-2.6.8.jar:/Users/berapt/.gradle/caches/modules-2/files-2.1/org.springframework.boot/spring-boot-starter-test/2.6.8/fc0744a41a4366a1507b4137ebc8f44db92d0847/spring-boot-starter-test-2.6.8.jar:/Users/berapt/.gradle/caches/modules-2/files-2.1/org.spockframework/spock-spring/2.2-M1-groovy-4.0/fd3b978ab984e81333afd7af939556779e3d29ec/spock-spring-2.2-M1-groovy-4.0.jar:/Users/berapt/.gradle/caches/modules-2/files-2.1/org.spockframework/spock-core/2.2-M1-groovy-4.0/3b001b8365c2703fd2dfb509da22b63144dbe3f0/spock-core-2.2-M1-groovy-4.0.jar:/Users/berapt/.gradle/caches/modules-2/files-2.1/io.kotest/kotest-runner-junit5-jvm/5.7.2/ac0bf80b9970b7c5b835454acb80f4bc07b378e5/kotest-runner-junit5-jvm-5.7.2.jar:/Users/berapt/.gradle/caches/modules-2/files-2.1/io.kotest/kotest-assertions-core-jvm/5.7.2/b684e98ebc3ead2ad779e78ebb00c52fccc3709e/kotest-assertions-core-jvm-5.7.2.jar:/Users/berapt/.gradle/caches/modules-2/files-2.1/io.kotest/kotest-property-jvm/5.7.2/f3daf8de510335662205f12df4243aa2335728f9/kotest-property-jvm-5.7.2.jar:/Users/berapt/.gradle/caches/modules-2/files-2.1/org.jetbrains/annotations/13.0/919f0dfe192fb4e063e7dacadee7f8bb9a2672a9/annotations-13.0.jar:/Users/berapt/.gradle/caches/modules-2/files-2.1/org.springframework.boot/spring-boot-starter-json/2.6.8/ea3311052a96a1bf0f975334cda285769d40a6b/spring-boot-starter-json-2.6.8.jar:/Users/berapt/.gradle/caches/modules-2/files-2.1/org.springframework.boot/spring-boot-starter/2.6.8/d6ad2d708e9bf7ebc71f85e0b001a68d591ba2d0/spring-boot-starter-2.6.8.jar:/Users/berapt/.gradle/caches/modules-2/files-2.1/org.springframework.boot/spring-boot-starter-reactor-netty/2.6.8/647038dc085a4006b624841b71682a9be472a2b/spring-boot-starter-reactor-netty-2.6.8.jar:/Users/berapt/.gradle/caches/modules-2/files-2.1/org.springframework/spring-webflux/5.3.20/4f93011f4c62be81463fe4d944c115989d465465/spring-webflux-5.3.20.jar:/Users/berapt/.gradle/caches/modules-2/files-2.1/org.springframework/spring-web/5.3.20/3c2fe9363760d62d5b7c9f087bb4255e3377a0b2/spring-web-5.3.20.jar:/Users/berapt/.gradle/caches/modules-2/files-2.1/org.springframework.boot/spring-boot-test-autoconfigure/2.6.8/da8747b50d70ad643527c845044266cf851205d9/spring-boot-test-autoconfigure-2.6.8.jar:/Users/berapt/.gradle/caches/modules-2/files-2.1/org.springframework.boot/spring-boot-test/2.6.8/7607c8f01a4b9e51697276304ab1bebec0956113/spring-boot-test-2.6.8.jar:/Users/berapt/.gradle/caches/modules-2/files-2.1/com.jayway.jsonpath/json-path/2.6.0/67f565b424f7903a12d4f5b9361b11462ecacdac/json-path-2.6.0.jar:/Users/berapt/.gradle/caches/modules-2/files-2.1/jakarta.xml.bind/jakarta.xml.bind-api/2.3.3/48e3b9cfc10752fba3521d6511f4165bea951801/jakarta.xml.bind-api-2.3.3.jar:/Users/berapt/.gradle/caches/modules-2/files-2.1/org.assertj/assertj-core/3.21.0/27a14d6d22c4e3d58f799fb2a5ca8eaf53e6942a/assertj-core-3.21.0.jar:/Users/berapt/.gradle/caches/modules-2/files-2.1/org.hamcrest/hamcrest/2.2/1820c0968dba3a11a1b30669bb1f01978a91dedc/hamcrest-2.2.jar:/Users/berapt/.gradle/caches/modules-2/files-2.1/org.junit.jupiter/junit-jupiter/5.8.2/5a817b1e63f1217e5c586090c45e681281f097ad/junit-jupiter-5.8.2.jar:/Users/berapt/.gradle/caches/modules-2/files-2.1/org.mockito/mockito-junit-jupiter/4.0.0/b76de25bd6e5d8f7924d0536729c0076e37e9396/mockito-junit-jupiter-4.0.0.jar:/Users/berapt/.gradle/caches/modules-2/files-2.1/org.mockito/mockito-core/4.0.0/f5195e0c4a45716bbd2d1d29173adbd148acce3a/mockito-core-4.0.0.jar:/Users/berapt/.gradle/cac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com.intellij.rt.junit.JUnitStarter -ideVersion5 -junit5 TodoSpec
Internal Error occurred.
org.junit.platform.commons.JUnitException: TestEngine with ID 'spock' failed to discover tests
at org.junit.platform.launcher.core.EngineDiscoveryOrchestrator.discoverEngineRoot(EngineDiscoveryOrchestrator.java:160)
at org.junit.platform.launcher.core.EngineDiscoveryOrchestrator.discoverSafely(EngineDiscoveryOrchestrator.java:134)
at org.junit.platform.launcher.core.EngineDiscoveryOrchestrator.discover(EngineDiscoveryOrchestrator.java:108)
at org.junit.platform.launcher.core.EngineDiscoveryOrchestrator.discover(EngineDiscoveryOrchestrator.java:80)
at org.junit.platform.launcher.core.DefaultLauncher.discover(DefaultLauncher.java:110)
at org.junit.platform.launcher.core.DefaultLauncher.execute(DefaultLauncher.java:86)
at org.junit.platform.launcher.core.DefaultLauncherSession$DelegatingLauncher.execute(DefaultLauncherSession.java:86)
at org.junit.platform.launcher.core.SessionPerRequestLauncher.execute(SessionPerRequestLauncher.java:53)
at com.intellij.junit5.JUnit5IdeaTestRunner.startRunnerWithArgs(JUnit5IdeaTestRunner.java:57)
at com.intellij.rt.junit.IdeaTestRunner$Repeater$1.execute(IdeaTestRunner.java:38)
at com.intellij.rt.execution.junit.TestsRepeater.repeat(TestsRepeater.java:11)
at com.intellij.rt.junit.IdeaTestRunner$Repeater.startRunnerWithArgs(IdeaTestRunner.java:35)
at com.intellij.rt.junit.JUnitStarter.prepareStreamsAndStart(JUnitStarter.java:232)
at com.intellij.rt.junit.JUnitStarter.main(JUnitStarter.java:55)
Caused by: org.junit.platform.commons.JUnitException: ClassSelector [className = 'TodoSpec'] resolution failed
at org.junit.platform.launcher.listeners.discovery.AbortOnFailureLauncherDiscoveryListener.selectorProcessed(AbortOnFailureLauncherDiscoveryListener.java:39)
at org.junit.platform.engine.support.discovery.EngineDiscoveryRequestResolution.resolveCompletely(EngineDiscoveryRequestResolution.java:102)
at org.junit.platform.engine.support.discovery.EngineDiscoveryRequestResolution.run(EngineDiscoveryRequestResolution.java:82)
at org.junit.platform.engine.support.discovery.EngineDiscoveryRequestResolver.resolve(EngineDiscoveryRequestResolver.java:113)
at org.spockframework.runtime.SpockEngine.discover(SpockEngine.java:28)
at org.junit.platform.launcher.core.EngineDiscoveryOrchestrator.discoverEngineRoot(EngineDiscoveryOrchestrator.java:152)
... 13 more
Caused by: org.junit.platform.commons.PreconditionViolationException: Could not load class with name: TodoSpec
at org.junit.platform.engine.discovery.ClassSelector.lambda$getJavaClass$0(ClassSelector.java:75)
at org.junit.platform.commons.function.Try$Failure.getOrThrow(Try.java:335)
at org.junit.platform.engine.discovery.ClassSelector.getJavaClass(ClassSelector.java:74)
at org.spockframework.runtime.ClassSelectorResolver.resolve(ClassSelectorResolver.java:26)
at org.junit.platform.engine.support.discovery.EngineDiscoveryRequestResolution.lambda$resolve$2(EngineDiscoveryRequestResolution.java:134)
at java.base/java.util.stream.ReferencePipeline$3$1.accept(ReferencePipeline.java:197)
at java.base/java.util.ArrayList$ArrayListSpliterator.tryAdvance(ArrayList.java:1602)
at java.base/java.util.stream.ReferencePipeline.forEachWithCancel(ReferencePipeline.java:129)
at java.base/java.util.stream.AbstractPipeline.copyIntoWithCancel(AbstractPipeline.java:527)
at java.base/java.util.stream.AbstractPipeline.copyInto(AbstractPipeline.java:513)
at java.base/java.util.stream.AbstractPipeline.wrapAndCopyInto(AbstractPipeline.java:499)
at java.base/java.util.stream.FindOps$FindOp.evaluateSequential(FindOps.java:150)
at java.base/java.util.stream.AbstractPipeline.evaluate(AbstractPipeline.java:234)
at java.base/java.util.stream.ReferencePipeline.findFirst(ReferencePipeline.java:647)
at org.junit.platform.engine.support.discovery.EngineDiscoveryRequestResolution.resolve(EngineDiscoveryRequestResolution.java:185)
at org.junit.platform.engine.support.discovery.EngineDiscoveryRequestResolution.resolve(EngineDiscoveryRequestResolution.java:125)
at org.junit.platform.engine.support.discovery.EngineDiscoveryRequestResolution.resolveCompletely(EngineDiscoveryRequestResolution.java:91)
... 17 more
Caused by: java.lang.ClassNotFoundException: TodoSpec
at java.base/jdk.internal.loader.BuiltinClassLoader.loadClass(BuiltinClassLoader.java:641)
at java.base/jdk.internal.loader.ClassLoaders$AppClassLoader.loadClass(ClassLoaders.java:188)
at java.base/java.lang.ClassLoader.loadClass(ClassLoader.java:525)
at org.junit.platform.commons.util.ReflectionUtils.lambda$tryToLoadClass$9(ReflectionUtils.java:829)
at org.junit.platform.commons.function.Try.lambda$call$0(Try.java:57)
at org.junit.platform.commons.function.Try.of(Try.java:93)
at org.junit.platform.commons.function.Try.call(Try.java:57)
at org.junit.platform.commons.util.ReflectionUtils.tryToLoadClass(ReflectionUtils.java:792)
at org.junit.platform.commons.util.ReflectionUtils.tryToLoadClass(ReflectionUtils.java:748)
... 32 more
Process finished with exit code 254
- 원인과 문제해결
groovy plugin이 root module에 있고 정작 사용하는 submodule에는 없었습니다. spock 프레임워크를 사용하는 모듈에 `build.gradle`에 groovy 플러그인을 정의해 주었습니다.
plugins {
kotlin("plugin.spring") version "1.9.20"
id("groovy") // for spock
}
Refs.
- MA, MSA에 대한 이해
- https://medium.com/design-microservices-architecture-with-patterns/monolithic-architecture-is-still-worth-at-2021-98bfc112dc24
- https://medium.com/design-microservices-architecture-with-patterns/microservices-communications-f319f8d76b71
- https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EC%9D%B4%ED%81%AC%EB%A1%9C%EC%84%9C%EB%B9%84%EC%8A%A4